A Pioneering Spirit in Miniature: The Life and Art of Margaret Maclay Bogardus Margaret Maclay Bogardus (1804-1878) occupies a unique, often understated position in the annals of American art history. While her husband, James Bogardus, gained renown as the “father of cast-iron architecture,” Margaret was a quietly accomplished and remarkably resilient artist who forged her own path as a pioneering miniature painter. Born in Glasgow, S…